Australian House of Representatives
| Australian House of Representatives | |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Type | Lower house |
| Leadership | |
| Speaker of the House | Harry Jenkins, Labor since 12 February 2008 |
| Structure | |
| Members | 150 |
| Political groups | Labor (72) Coalition (72) Nationals WA (1) Greens (1) Independent (4) |
| Election | |
| Last election | 21 August 2010 |
| Meeting place | |
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| Parliament House Canberra, ACT Australia |
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| Website | |
| House of Representatives | |
| Australia |
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The House of Representatives is one of the two houses (chambers) of the Parliament of Australia; it is the lower house; the upper house is the Senate.
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Origins and role
The House is presided over by the Speaker.
The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (Imp.) of 1900 established the House of Representatives as part of the new system of dominion government in newly federated Australia. The 150 members of the House are elected from single member electorates (geographic districts, commonly referred to as "seats" but officially known as "Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives"). One vote one value legislation requires all electorates to have the same number of voters with a maximum 10 per cent variation. However the baseline quota for the amount of voters in an electorate is determined by the amount of voters in the state in which that electorate is found. Subsequently, the electorates of the smallest states and territories have more variation in the amount of voters in their electorates, with the smallest holding around 60,000 voters and the largest holding around 120,000 voters. Meanwhile the largest states have electorates with more equal voter numbers, with most electorates holding 85,000 to 100,000 voters. Voting is by the 'preferential system', also known as instant-runoff voting. A full allocation of preferences is required for a vote to be considered formal. This allows for a calculation of the two-party-preferred vote.
The number of electorates in each state and territory is determined by population. The parliamentary entitlement of a state or territory is established by the Electoral Commissioner dividing the number of the people of the Commonwealth by twice the number of Senators. The population of each state and territory is then divided by this quota to determine the number of members to which each state and territory is entitled. Under the Australian Constitution all original states are guaranteed at least five members. The Federal Parliament itself has decided that the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory should have at least one member each.
According to the Constitution, the powers of both houses are nearly equal, with the consent of both houses needed to pass legislation. The difference mostly relates to taxation legislation. In practice, by convention, the leader of the party (or coalition of parties) with a majority of members in the lower house is invited by the Governor-General to form the Government. Thus the leader becomes the Prime Minister and some of the other elected members of the government party in both the House and the Senate become ministers responsible for various portfolios and administer government departments. Bills appropriating money (supply bills) can only be introduced in the lower house and thus only the party with a majority in the lower house can govern. In the current Australian party system, this ensures that virtually all contentious votes are along party lines, and the Government always has a majority in those votes.
The Opposition party's main role in the House is to present arguments against the Government's policies and legislation, and attempt to hold the Government accountable as much as possible by asking questions of importance during Question Time and during debates on legislation. By contrast, the only period in recent times during which the government of the day has had a majority in the Senate was from July 2005 (following the 2004 election) to July 2008 (following the 2007 election). Hence, votes in the Senate are usually more meaningful. The House's well-established committee system is not always as prominent as the Senate committee system because of the frequent lack of Senate majority.
In a reflection of the United Kingdom House of Commons, the predominant colour of the furnishings in the House of Representatives is green. However, the colour was tinted slightly in the new Parliament House (opened 1988) to suggest the colour of eucalyptus trees.
The composition of the House
- See also: 2007 state-by-state lower house results and maps
- See also: Post-election pendulum
- See also: Current pendulum
The election results of the 2007 federal election were as follows:[1]
| Party | Votes | % | Swing | Seats | Change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Labor Party | 5,388,184 | 43.38 | +5.74 | 83 | +23 | |||
| Coalition | ||||||||
| Liberal Party of Australia | 4,546,600 | 36.60 | –4.22 | 55 | –20 | |||
| National Party of Australia | 682,424 | 5.49 | –0.40 | 10 | –2 | |||
| Australian Greens | 967,789 | 7.79 | +0.60 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Family First Party | 246,798 | 1.99 | –0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Australian Democrats | 89,813 | 0.72 | –0.51 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Independents | 276,370 | 2.23 | –0.27 | 2 | –1 | |||
| Other | 222,004 | 1.79 | +0.25 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Total | 12,419,863 | 150 | ||||||
| Two-party-preferred vote | ||||||||
| Australian Labor Party | WIN | 52.70 | +5.44 | 83 | +23 | |||
| Liberal/National Coalition | 47.30 | –5.44 | 65 | –22 | ||||
Independents: Tony Windsor, Bob Katter A third independent Rob Oakeshott was elected in a 2008 Lyne by-election, reducing the Nationals to nine seats and the coalition total to 64. The expulsion of Ryan MP Michael Johnson in 2010 further reduced the Coalition to 63 seats.
Current distribution of seats
The counting of the 2010 federal election is currently being undertaken. The election has resulted in a hung parliament:
| Party | Seats held | Percentage of House | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Labor Party |
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| Coalition |
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| Nationals WA |
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| Australian Greens |
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| Independent |
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| Total |
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Seats won by party at Australian elections, 1946 – 2010
| Seats Won | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Election | ALP | LIB | NAT | Other | Total | |
| 1946 | 43 | 15 | 11 | 5 | 74 | |
| 1949 | 47 | 55 | 19 | 121 | ||
| 1951 | 52 | 52 | 17 | 121 | ||
| 1954 | 57 | 47 | 17 | 121 | ||
| 1955 | 47 | 57 | 18 | 122 | ||
| 1958 | 45 | 58 | 19 | 122 | ||
| 1961 | 60 | 45 | 17 | 122 | ||
| 1963 | 50 | 52 | 20 | 122 | ||
| 1966 | 41 | 61 | 21 | 1 | 124 | |
| 1969 | 59 | 46 | 20 | 125 | ||
| 1972 | 67 | 38 | 20 | 125 | ||
| 1974 | 66 | 40 | 21 | 127 | ||
| 1975 | 36 | 68 | 23 | 127 | ||
| 1977 | 38 | 67 | 19 | 124 | ||
| 1980 | 51 | 54 | 20 | 125 | ||
| 1983 | 75 | 33 | 17 | 125 | ||
| 1984 | 82 | 45 | 21 | 148 | ||
| 1987 | 86 | 43 | 19 | 148 | ||
| 1990 | 78 | 55 | 14 | 1 | 148 | |
| 1993 | 80 | 49 | 16 | 2 | 147 | |
| 1996 | 49 | 75 | 19 | 5 | 148 | |
| 1998 | 67 | 64 | 16 | 1 | 148 | |
| 2001 | 65 | 69 | 13 | 3 | 150 | |
| 2004 | 60 | 75 | 12 | 3 | 150 | |
| 2007 | 83 | 55 | 10 | 2 | 150 | |
| 2010 | 72 | 61 | 12 | 5 | 150 | |
Main Committee
A feature of the Australian House is its Main Committee, designed to be an alternative debating chamber; it is modelled after the Committee of the Whole that exists in several different legislatures, particularly the United States House of Representatives and the United Kingdom House of Commons. Matters considered to be relatively uncontroversial can be referred by the entire House to the Main Committee, where substantive debate can take place. The Main Committee cannot, however, initiate nor make a final decision on any parliamentary business, although it can perform all tasks in between.[2]
The Main Committee was created in 1994, to relieve some of the burden of the entire House: different matters can be processed in the House at large and in the Main Committee, as they sit simultaneously. It is designed to be less formal, with a quorum of only three members: the Deputy Speaker of the House, one government member, and one non-government member. Decisions must be unanimous: any divided decision sends the question back to the House at large.
The Main Committee was created through the House's Standing Orders:[3] it is thus a subordinate body of the House, and can only be in session while the House itself is in session. When a division vote in the House occurs, members in the Main Committee must return to the House to vote.
The Main Committee is housed in one of the House's committee rooms: the room is customised for this purpose and is laid out to resemble the House chamber.[4]
Due to the unique role of the Main Committee, proposals have been made to rename the body to avoid confusion with other parliamentary committees. Proposals include "Second Chamber"[5] and "Federation Chamber".[6]
The concept of a parallel body to expedite Parliamentary business, based on the Australian Main Committee, was mentioned in a 1998 British House of Commons report.[7]
See also
- Australian House of Representatives committees
- Canberra Press Gallery
- Chronology of Australian federal parliaments
- Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives
- Father of the Australian House of Representatives
- List of Australian federal by-elections
- Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 2007–2010
- Members of the Parliament of Australia who have served for at least 30 years
- Members of the Australian House of Representatives who have represented more than one state or territory
- Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
- United Kingdom House of Commons
- United States House of Representatives
- Women in the Australian House of Representatives
References
- ↑ Australian Electoral Commission, Virtual Tally Room 2007, Senate results, First preferences by Group, retrieved January 2008
- ↑ "The Structure Of The Australian House Of Representatives Over Its First One Hundred Years: The Impact Of Globalisation," Ian Harris
- ↑ Standing and Sessional Orders, House of Representatives
- ↑ Main Committee Fact Sheet, Parliamentary Education Office
- ↑ The Second Chamber: Enhancing the Main Committee, House of Representatives
- ↑ Renaming the Main Committee, House of Representatives
- ↑ "Select Committee on Modernisation of the House of Commons First Report". British House of Commons. 7 December 1998. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmselect/cmmodern/60/6013.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
External links
- House of Representatives Practice: APH
- House of Representatives Committees – Parliament of Australia
- Australian Parliament – live broadcasting
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